A good neighbour Essay Example for Free

A good neighbour EssayA good neighbour is a blessing while a severely neighbour is a curse. The city-bred people ar generally lacking in sympathy. They are mostly cold in their manners they are more(prenominal) selfish than the villagers who are large he subterfugeed. I live in a thickly populated part of the town. I like to cultivate good relations with the people around me. I believe that no man, however rich or strong, smoke live in self-sufficiency. My next door neighbour to the mighty is Mr. Tara Singh. We are on the best of terms. We are deeply attached to each other. He is a gentleman par-excellence. He has a completely non-communal outlook on life. We share each others joys and sorrows. He has a jolly temperament. His robust optimism and his constant high spirits have always cheered me. Whenever some anxiety weighs upon me, I promptly seek his company and draw comfort from his ever-smiling face and carefree looks.He manipulates light of an illness, a financial los s, a near and dear ones death, even an insult, whereas anyone of these things is competent to rob me of my peace of mind and impose a severe strain on me. His companionship dispels all my fears, doubts and worries. We daily go for a walk together. We are both fond of boating and go to the river for boating ein truth Sunday. We both have a passion for chess and never miss a zippy or two every evening. He is also a cinema fan like me. We differ in our preferences for film stars still that does not encumber us from enjoying a picture together. He cannot tolerate my smoking. His hatred is not based on any religious sentiment. He just feels a immanent aversion for it. He is very stingy. I have often tried to set before him an example of liberality still he continues to be close-fisted.He is very much interested in sports. He does not miss any sporting event. We like each other immensely and I can call him a good neighbour who is very accommodating. Just opposite me there is the pal atial house of Seth Karori Mai. He is some rare specimen of humanity. He is a millionaire. He is issueless but he is so miserly that he would not spend a penny. He is a thin and be given fellow. He is putting on the same weather-beaten suit which he purchased of a second -hand dealer twenty years back. He never brushes it lest it should rupture out sooner. He never takes milk or fruit. He lives on a few biscuits, a rotten banana or an orange and a cup of tea without milk. He has more than half a dozen buildings but he himself lives in a small, dark, dingy room. His room is electric fitted but he never makes use of electric light.He lights a small candle when he stands in need of light. If some drops of wax are bankrupt over, he would go on collecting them and remould them into candles. To buy a banana or an orange, he would trot all the way to the fruit commercialise and would buy a few rotten bananas or oranges after a lot of higgling, haggling. He trusts nobody. He hates soc ietal contacts. He is a big banker. He lends money at usurious rates of interest. Money is his God. He loves hoarding. He never gives a penny in charity. He is selfish and greedy. He fleeces his tenants but seldom looks to their needs. He seldom wears shoes and never goes to the movies. He is always serious and business-like.He never presents a smiling face to anybody. He is sooner illiterate but very quick at figures. He is a psychologist and can easily read your mind. He is very shrewd. He has a very strong instinct. He is too clever to be ever taken in by anybody. He is a past master in the art of exacting money from others. You will be surprised to know that his bank balance runs into eight figures. From his general appearance, one will be led to depend that he is a very poor miserable fellow who is penniless. I have failed in my efforts to draw him into conversation or establish any social contact with him. He is a man of few words. People avoid his ominons looks in the mornin g.Small children are terribly afraid of him. My neighbour on the leftfield side is a college lecturer. He has married quite recently. His wife is also a college lecturer. They form a happy couple. They are a well-matched pair. They live in perfect harmony. They have refined tastes. They are always dressed according to the latest fashion. Their rooms are artistically decorated. The modern paintings, curtains and curios in the rooms, all make you envy them. They have cultured friends and I love to hear their fine jokes and laughter. There are some other people also in my street. notwithstanding there is nothing about them worth mentioning. They just lead their lives like machines and attract no notice of their neighbours.

The Psychological World of the Artist Essay Example for Free

The Psychological World of the Artist EssayAnalyse the mental humankind of the artist in relation to their artwork.An artists psychological world can take up a significant impact on their artwork, as is the case with some of the artworks done by artists such as Artemisia Gentileschi, Frida Kahlo and Andy Warhol.Artemisia Gentileschis psychological world was greatly affected by her experiences as a female living in the seventeenth century where she would have faced inequality and sexual harassment because of her gender, in particular the incident in which she was raped by her drawing teacher, Agostino Tassi, which was made considerably more(prenominal) traumatic by the event that it was she, the victim, who was made to undergo torture to see if her story remained the same. Many of her artworks are depictions of scenes from the Bible or mythology, a common theme for artists of that time. However, Gentileschis depictions of these scenes are meagerly different to those of her male counterparts as she does not depict the women as passive objects. This can be seen in the artwork Judith be gunpointing Holofernes which features a Judith who is sawing at Holofernes head quite savagely and is not meant to be conventionally attractive.This painting of a strong, brave woman triumphing over a man rather than the other itinerary around, as was the norm for that time could be interpreted as what Gentileschi wished would happen to Tassi after he raped her, and it contrasts with depictions of this scene by male artists like Caravaggio, who depicts his Judith as being pretty and delicate-looking, with a horrified expression as she watches the blood spurt from Holofernes neck, as well as a blouse that was semi-transparent, showing a more traditional depiction of a woman whose main purpose in the artwork is to be gazed upon by men.Gentileschis psychological world is likely to have contained frustration at the objectification of women of her time, and her desireThe psy chological world of Frida Kahlo that is represented in her artwork was influenced by a bus accident she was in when she was young in which she sustained serious lifelong injuries, and many of the events that occurred later in her life, such as her tumultuous marriage to the unfaithful painter Diego Rivera, and her miscarriage. In many of her artworks, she depicts herself as scarred, or bleeding, tokenising both her physical and psychological pain. In her painting Henry Ford Hospital, Kahlo paints herself naked and bleeding on a bed, emphasising her psychological state after her miscarriage- she would have been feeling vulnerable and in a lot of pain, both emotionally and physically.Her artworks can be seen as a assay for her identity, in the context of her culture, religion and life experiences, as many of them are self-portraits that feature her dressed in traditional Mexican clothes with colourful ribbons in her hair, and a lot of symbolism. An example of this is her artwork Sel f portrait with thorn necklace and hummingbird, where she again depicts herself as bleeding because of the necklace of thorns she is wearing, which could be seen as a Catholic symbol reminiscent of Christs crown of thorns as she came from a Catholic family, or maybe a reference to Aztec religious rituals involving self-mortification with thorns.She also has a monkey on one shoulder (a recurring symbol in eight of her self-portraits) which appears to be a pet or comforting presence because it is playing with the necklace. The black cat on her other shoulder is a more ominous, threatening presence as it looks as though it is about to pounce and its eye are a cold, uninviting grey. The juxtaposition of colour, and playful images with symbols of doom or death, and a bleeding body is a common theme in many of Kahlos works and has been interpreted as Surrealism however Kahlo denied this, saying I paint my own reality.Andy Warhols childhood played an important part in the formation of his psychological world and personality that led to him becoming a central figure in the Pop Art movement that took place in America in the 1960s. As a child, Warhol was diagnosed with St Vitus dance, which caused him to spend a lot of time bed-ridden with nothing to do but draw, listen to the radio and collect pictures of celebrities from magazines to pin tumbler around his bed.This constant exposure to popular culture would have been extremely influential in the development of Warhols later work, in which he depicted easily recognisable images in American culture, including celebrities like Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley, and everyday items like Campbells soup. In his artwork 100 Campbells Soup Cans, he explores the idea of mass production that was becoming such an important part of American culture, but says that he chose Campbells soup because that was what he had for lunch for virtually of his life.Warhols psychological world which was influenced by his childhood was depicted quite literally in his artworks- images of celebrities and mass-produced products like Campbells soup played a larger-than-normal role in his childhood in particular. Warhol clearly had a great deal and admiration and affection for these things, even going so far as to say I want to be plastic.Though all of these artworks were done in styles that were gaining popularity in the time that the artist was working, it was the artists psychological world that ultimately motivated them to create most of their artworks.

Alcohol Essay Essay Example for Free

inebriant Essay Essay inebriantic beverage is not only the reason why prohibition took tush in the 1920s, but it is withal the reason why many persons wake up not remembering their pervious nights events. It has always been straightforward that alcohol has an effect on brain function, which in-turn impairs the behavior of a person. Alcohol can be separated into two separate groups what is expected to happen, and what actually happens. Alcohol is expected to play social lubricant and aphrodisiac. When it comes to being social, alcohol does seem to have a loosening effect on people, however, it is almost the opposite sexually. Alcohol actually acts as more than of a suppressant when sex is brought into the picture. It has only be known to be a sort of aphrodisiac be perform that is the way it is perceive and that is the way in which people choose to perceive it. Given the choice between two women, one holding an alcoholic drink and the other not, a man will more often pick t he women with the alcoholic drink due to the fact that alcohol is a precursor to the possibility of having intercourse. It has always been evident that alcohol has an effect on brain function, which in-turn impairs the behavior of a person.Not only has alcohol been linked to multiple material issues but also noetic and call forthd. When alcohol is consumed it can create acetaldehyde in the brain to allow a chemical reaction to take place with other elements already in the brain waiting to be activated. Acetaldehyde is present everywhere in the atmosphere and may be produced in the body due to the breakdown of ethanol. short exposure to acetaldehyde results in disturbances such as irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Symptoms long-term intoxication of acetaldehyde seem to be parallel with those of alcoholism.Besides these physical effects, alcohol has been seen as playing a role in multiple sexual outcomes and processes. Even knowing that another person has dru nk can bring the way he or she is viewed. And although alcohol is commonly known to be a social lubricant, it can also severely impair judgment and cause a person to carry out an action or become interested in something they otherwise would never explore or even encounter. When analyse brain pathology, it is common to conduct postmortem research.This is because when a brain is functioning, it can be very difficult to view more than just images of the brains activity level. Studies conducted this way have contributed to our knowledge of the permanent nervous system damage from long-term and reoccurring alcohol intoxication. In terms of temporary effects, the list includes afflicted judgment, poor insight, distractibility, cognitive rigidity, and reduced motor skills. Acute alcohol intoxication compared with sobriety effects hand-eye coordination, stability in gait and balance, and speed performance.When viewing a brain in vivo, a MRI is conducted and the images presented give insig ht as to which parts of the brain are being used art object in the scanner. This implement has allowed comparison between a frequent drinker and a sober person. Many problems contracted while alcoholism is taking place can starting line to recover over extended sobriety, however they are also in danger to further decline with continued drinking. In terms of physical and emotional effects of alcohol, it does seem to play a role in many sexual adventures.This is probably because when a person is consuming alcohol, they are seen as more sensual and are believed to more likely engage in sex. Because of this, it is no surprise that alcohol has been known to serve as an aphrodisiac in situations such as weddings, dates, and fraternity keggers. Nonetheless, alcohol can be separated into two separate groups, what is expected to happen, and what actually happens. This is because drinking men and women are seen as more sexually obtainable and willing to take part in foreplay as well as int ercourse than their non-drinking equivalent.However when it comes to what is truly occurring, things are instead different. Alcohol actually decreases both womens and mens genital reactions. Males penile prominence is actually restrained and their orgasm probable is decreased. Likewise, females potential for orgasm is lowered and the blood flow to the vagina is constrained. This means that even though people feel as though the alcohol is enabling them to become more sexual and be aroused easier and more often, it is actually doing the opposite.In spite of this, it is not noticed because of the expectancy. These suggestions were researched through a admit of implementing alcohol as well as placebos to men and women and then having them view different images and talk with different people in order to see what would arouse them and what was seen as attractive and sexual. The misrepresentation of a drunk person is often perceived attempting to walk in a straight line and failing whil e displaying no coordination whatsoever.It should stand to say that if you were to give a drunken person enough time, there is a possibility they will be able to follow through any task on a normal level. In the present paper, it has been illustrated that the link between health, wellness, sexual endeavors, social interactions, and behavior can all involve back to alcohol in some way. However, even knowing all these facts and the effects alcohol can cause not only mentally, but also physically, people continue to drink, even if only a sip.

Influence Motivation Through Appraisals: Activating Goals

Influence Motivation Through Appraisals Activating GoalsAn new(prenominal) way in which emotions may bring judgments is by activating goals or motives. For example, emotions shadower affect judgments and behavior by priming several(predicate) goals (Garg, Wansink, Inman, 2007 Hoch Loewenstein, 1991 Leith Baumeister, 1996 Tice, Bratslavsky, Baumeister, 2001 Winterich Haws, 2011).One force to view the interplay of polar motivations is self-regulation. Self-conscious emotions affect self-regulation by way of activating distinct goals in diametric sites. Wilcox, Kramer, and Sen (2011) demonstrate that parenthetical get (a discrete emotion with appraisal of self as having been responsible for outcomes) had dual effects on self-regulation leading to indulgent choices when pride promotes a sense of achievement and virtuous choices when pride promotes self-awareness. Participants primed with pride (vs. happiness vs. control) increased indulgence under low cognitive load be cause availability of high cognitive resources allowed participants to feel the complex sense of achievement and they mat up a sense of having made progress in their long-term goals. In contrast, under high self-awareness, which has been shown to enhance individuals motivation to behave consistently with the long-term goals (Diener Wallbom, 1976 Patrick, Chun, MacInnis, 2009D1), successive pride (vs. control) led to lower choice of indulgent foods and increased effort towards goal progress. This enquiry highlights the need to take a nuanced view of the motivational exploits of secondary emotions.Influences of emotions extend to social motivations (such as actions in service of relationship repair) and affect accompanying consumption decisions. In a field study, Dahl, Honea and Manchanda (2005) found that a consumers omit of purchase led consumers to feel crimey when they perceived a social connectedness with the salesperson and considered self to be responsible for the purc hase. When consumers experience guilt, they intend to lock reparative actions during future purchase interactions with the salesperson to repair their relationship. It is to be noted that in this research, the guilt is induced by onetime(prenominal) purchase behavior and is not consequent. However, this serves as an example regarding how social emotions might influence motivations and opens the line of enquiry about similar effects from incidental emotions.The influence of emotions on goals or self-regulation is not restrict to self-conscious emotions. Other appraisals can work with a different set of goals to preserve self-regulation. For example, an appraisal dimension that is relevant to self-regulation is temporal focus of the incidental emotion because temporal focus is central to the trade-offs between long-term goals and short-term indulgences (Hoch Lowenstein, 1991). Winterich and Haws (2011) found that future focused arbitrary emotions such as hope (vs. pride, which is knightly focused) aided in making wellnessier food choices. In contrast, future-focused proscribe emotion (e.g., fear) did not influence self-regulation. This research indicates that a combination of appraisals (temporal focus and valence) influences self-regulation by means of differential goal activation.Influence on coping strategies through and through appraisals.Several of the studies earlier had a component of coping or regulating the emotion to feel better or rid oneself of negative appraisalsNA2. Herrald and Tomaka (2002) found that when participants who felt uncivilised or ashamed reported to cope with negative emotions by regulating their negative frantic responses through seeking social support or engaging in defensive processing to a greater extent than those who felt pride.In a more specific link to coping strategies, distinct cognitive appraisal tendencies elicited by different emotions can also influence subsequent judgments and decision making via an activa tion of particular coping strategies. Duhachek, Agrawal, and Han (2012) suggest that guilt-laden individuals are more likely to activate problem-focused coping strategies, which refer to efforts to manage the source of focusing directly (Lazarus Folkman, 1984), because guilt is associated with high self-efficacy appraisals (i.e., I can fix the problem Tangney, Stuewig, Mashek, 2007). In contrast, shame-laden individuals are more likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies, which refer to efforts to vex excited responses toward the stress (e.g., stop conjectureing about it, let negative emotions out Lazarus Folkman, 1984), because shame is associated with low self-efficacy appraisals (i.e., I cannot fix the problem Tangney, Stuewig, Mashek, 2007). Consistent with the proposed theorizing, they found that guilt-laden participants activated greater problem-focused coping when they were shown the gain- shut in cores whereas shame-laden participants evoked greater emotion-foc used coping when they were shown the loss-framed messages. By studying the motivations associated with each emotion, we can better identify how emotions affect judgments and decision-making.Influence mindsets through appraisalsAnother way that emotions may affect may affect decisions is by activating a cognitive procedure or a set of associations that past automatically apply to the tasks conducted under the emotions influence. And example of this process can be found in studies where distinct emotions can activate different cognitive mindsets. Han, Duhachek, and Agrawal (2014) showed that guilt elicited low construal level mindset whereas shame elicited high construal level mindset based on the different cognitive appraisal tendencies associated with these two emotions. Specifically, previous research has shown that guilt is experienced when individuals appraise negative outcomes to their specific behaviors (i.e., behavior specific appraisals, such as I did a bad thing) whereas sh ame is experienced when individuals appraise negative outcomes to their globose self (i.e., global self appraisals, such as I am a bad person). Based on these findings, Han, Duhachek, and Agrawal (2014) propose that these distinct cognitive appraisals elicited by two emotions activate local (in case of guilt) or global (in case of shame) appraisal tendencies which lead individuals to appraise the subsequent event in a manner consistent with their behavior-specific appraisals (in case of guilt) or their global-self appraisals (in case of shame) and that these local or global appraisal tendencies will activate either low or high construal level mindsets. Consistent with their theorizing, Han, Duhachek, and Agrawal (2014) found that the local appraisal tendency of guilt activated lower construal mindset and the global appraisal tendency of shame activated higher construal mindset, which in turn affects judgment and decision-making.Thus emotions may influence judgments by providing inf ormation, goals, mindsets or coping processes. Understanding which appraisal is likely to trigger which process would allow researchers to predict the effects of different emotion more precisely.leverage THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF APPRAISALS BY UNDERSTANING HOW TWO APPRAISALS MAY INTERACTWhile we have discussed how two emotions may vary on an appraisal dimension, we have also discussed the potential for conflicting findings across appraisal dimensions. This highlights the need for us to study the interactions between two appraisal dimensions. How would two appraisal dimensions (say valence and self/other responsibility) interact to determine consequences? Research on specific emotions has focused mostly on one appraisal dimension. . However, because each emotion has multiple cognitive appraisals, whatsoever of the findings on the same emotions show inconsistent results. For example, shame sometimes leads to withdrawal behaviors (e.g., Duhachek, Agrawal, Han, 2012) but sometimes leads to prosocial behaviors (e.g., de Hooge, Breugelmans, Zeelenberg, 2008). These inconsistent findings on same emotion suggest that one-dimensional cognitive appraisal approach may not fully capture how each emotion affects behavior and judgment. Thus, it is worthwhile to investigate how two appraisal dimensions interact to influence outcomes or consequences.One way that two appraisals have been studied is to show different effects of valence across a set of emotions alter along another dimension as well. For exampleNA3, SHAME and ANGER finding. Now say valence changes temperament of finding PRIDE GRATITUDE finding. Even thought the studies were different studies for postiiv ena dnegative emtoions, what we have is a conceptual interaction.A few researchers have recently investigated the interactive effects of two appraisal dimensions associated with discrete emotions on consumer behavior and judgments. For example, Agrawal, Menon and Aaker (2007) showed that for glumness and agit ation, the valence dimension and self/other relatedness dimension both interactively affects the effectiveness of wellness messages. Specifically, they showed that when the primed emotion was positive, the fit between the focal referent in the message (self or family) and discrete emotion enhanced the processing of aversive health information whereas when individuals were primed with a negative emotion, the fit hindered the processing of health information.Appraisal dimensions based on motivations could interact with other dimensions to result in motivation-matching mechanisms. For example, Labroo and Rucker (2010) proposed a joint model of emotions categorized by two dimensions motivation predilection (along the dimensions of approach vs. avoid) and valence. This framework provides a richer view of the affect regulation mechanism through showing that when participants were focused on their affective experiences, orientation matching of emotions (for example, positive approach emoti ons (e.g., happiness) provided to regulate negative approach emotions (e.g., anger)) provides more affective regulation benefit than merely providing any positively valenced emotions. In particular, they found that when individuals experienced a negative emotion associated with approach orientation (e.g., angry), they showed more favorable attitudes toward the brand when they were shown and ad which activated positive emotions associated with same approach orientation (e.g., happiness).Moreover, when emotions with differing appraisals interact, it can coactivate a tendency when one emotion alone would have showed a different tendency. Morales, Wu, and Fitzsimons (2012) showed that fear can elicit an action tendency when combined with repulse. Fear is associated with unbelief and motivates people to escape from the threat. Fear has been known to be associated with both avoidance behavior and hesitation and freezing behaviors (Smith Ellsworth, 1985). People show freezing behaviors initially and past take action when the fear eliciting object is unavoidably near. On the other hand, disgust is associated with strong receivedty and strong impulse to avoid and distance oneself. Morales, Wu and Fitzsimons (2012) showed that when disgust was incorporated within the fear appeal, it enhanced persuasion and message compliance when fear alone did not. Interactions of appraisals might be a useful way to think about divergent findings or ways to reconcile conflicting findings in the literature.CONTEXTUAL INFLUECNES AND THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONSAnd finally, (E) how would these emotion appraisals interact with the contextual information from the environment to influence judgments. The various and inconsistent findings on same emotion suggests that studying specific emotion should broaden the scope and deviate from the framework of emotion leading to certain cognitive appraisal that subsequently leads to specific behavior and judgment. An overarching framework should include how motivational, situational factors interact with certain cognitive appraisals and how certain cognitive appraisal could lead to different mindset. For example, cognitive appraisal can lead to different motivations depending on the contexts. Fear is known to lead people to show freezing type behaviors, but it can lead to higher need for affiliation when a situation allows people to have someone or brand nearby (Dunn Hoegg, 2014). Only through accountancy for what type of situation and motivation drives the cognitive appraisals, the different findings could be reconciled.Contextual factors could influence not only the constitution of event appraisals, but also the fervency of the cognitive appraisals and consequently, the intensity of the felt emotion. Hung and Mukhopadhyay (2011) showed that the visual perspective (actor vs. observer) taken while appraising an event could influence the intensity of the felt emotion. Participants who imagined the same hypothetical situation th rough an observers (vs. actors) perspective felt higher intensity embarrassment. While recalling a past experiences or imagining a hypothetical emotional event, participants taking the observer (vs. actor) perspective were more likely to think about how others might evaluate them and therefore felt more intense self-conscious emotions. such contextual antecedents to cognitive appraisals could have interesting and significant influences on incidental emotions.Another approach to understand the interaction of contextual information with incidental emotions is through studying compatibility effects. Compatibility of external information with emotional appraisals could have complex outcomes depending on the domain and specific appraisal dimensions. Agrawal, Menon, and Aaker (2007) showed that appraisal dimensions of valence and self-other reference invoked by incidental emotions interact with the referent in a health message presented to participants to produce complex compatibility ef fects. When the incidental emotion is positive (e.g., happiness, peacefulness), the compatibility between the message referent (self vs. other) and emotional appraisal (self vs. other) fosters the processing of health information presented. In contrast, when the incidental emotion is negative (e.g., anxiety), then the compatibility of message referent and emotional appraisal hinders the processing of health message. SimilarD4 external information and emotional appraisal compatibility effects could be explored to understand consumers response to external stimuli in presence of incidental emotions.Another rich realm of enquiry is how other people present (or considered) in the context could vary the nature of the emotion or interact with the incidental emotions to lead to different behavioural outcomes. Presence of other people in the context could interact with the appraisal rendered by an emotion and influence the fluency of the emotional experience and subsequent evaluations. In a series of interesting experiments, Fisher and Dube (2005) presented same-gender and mixed-gender pairs of participants with advertisements that invoked a positively valenced emotion with high agency (e.g., enthusiastic, excited) or low agency (e.g., calm, relaxed). Subsequently measured backwash pleasure and attitudes towards advertisements were significantly lower when males watched a low-agency ad in presence of another male (vs. in presence of a female). This effect was seen only in public ratings of the ad and not in private. These findings indicate a social desirability effect and favorability of context-congruent emotions (for e.g., high agency is a desirable social class for males). Future research could explore similar context-congruency effects of emotional appraisals and how they might influence behavioral outcomes.Van de Ven, Zeelenberg, and Pieters (2011) show that the nature of envy varies based on the deservedness appraisals of the envy targets. Benign envy is elici ted when the others superior position is deserved. In contrast, a feeling of malicious envy is elicited when the others superior position is appraised as not deserved. The type of envy felt predicts the Envy Premium (higher willingness to pay for a product that elicits envy) of the product in such a way that favorable envy leads to higher envy bounteousness for a product owned by the superior person whereas malicious envy leads to higher envy premium for a product not owned by the superior person. This finding demonstrates how evaluative information about the context (whether others superior position) is deserved or not) changes the nature of the emotional reaction elicited. Future research could extend this finding to apply to incidental emotionsK5.In addition to the interaction between incidental emotions and contextual information, research could examine how integral emotions and contextual information interacts to influence the subsequent judgments. Duhachek, Agrawal, and Han (2012) examine how the fit between emotions of guilt and shame and message framing influences subsequent message compliance. Specifically, they showed that high or low self efficacy appraisals evoked by guilt or shame interact with gain or loss framed messages to induce the match-based persuasion effects. It has been shown that since guilt-laden people believe that they can fix the problem (i.e., high self-efficacy appraisals), they prefer the message which emphasizes the positive outcomes of following the action described in the ad (i.e., gain frame). In contrast, shame-laden people believe that they cannot fix the problem (i.e., low self-efficacy appraisals), thus leading them to prefer the ad message which highlights the negative outcome of not following the action. Consistent with the proposed theorizing, they found that when guilt (shame) appeals primed with gain- (loss-) framed messages, participants felt greater fluency and showed less intention to binge drink. Studying the i mpact of context on emotional influence on judgments is a rich avenue for future research. K6D1From Wilcox et al. (2011).You can find citations for these two papers in Wilcox et al. 2011.NA2 humanity renowned coping expert Adam can tackle this Need to bolster this section more. Maybe begin with mood repair. Or nature of coping changes by nature of emotion. More build up will be good.NA3Da hee, please can you elaborate on our paper here.D4We may add Agrawal and Duhachek (2010) if necessary.K5Meta appraisals. How I feel about how I feel, certainty/confidence/ I am uncertain about my anger. Or validity, I am angry but I know I shouldnt be.Adam, pls add to GDK6Also the self literature, the role of self guilt. Or self anger. Mad at past version of myself for what I did.Adam, please add to GD.

2014 Somerset Levels Floods: Causes and Future Strategies

2014 summerset Levels flood outs Causes and Future StrategiesFollowing the 2014 Somerset Levels overeats, Communities Secretary Eric Pickles publicly apologised for the lack of dredging of the Levels and criticised the environment Agencies management strategy. Examine the causes of the Somerset Levels floods, and evaluate the flood management solutions.During the autumn and winter of 2013 2014, an unusually high frequency of depressions moved across the Somerset Levels, causation both fluvial and pluvial flooding on a prodigious scale. The two main rivers which flow through the Levels, The River Tone and Parrett, burst their banks, spilling into the already heavily virtuous flood plain. A major incident was declared and subsequently allowed the Somerset council to request financial, and physical, aid to the region (House of Commons, 2014).This essay highlights the key reasons the Somerset Levels flooded, as sanitary as evaluating the main management solutions that were put fo rward during the peak of the flooding.The autumn to winter period saw a record-breaking yard Stream, fuelled by a diving cold Polar Vortex across the United States. With this, brought powerful storms across the United Kingdom (MetOffice, 2014). As the Polar Vortex moved southward, it interacted with the Jet Stream. This caused powerful Jet Streaks to form, thus producing rapid cyclogenesis in the mid-Atlantic. This pattern lasted several months, exacerbating the flooding issues across the Somerset Levels.As the storms became more frequent, the irrigate circuit card filled up exponentially, as the majority of the soil inside in the Somerset Levels consists of clay and, further inland, peat ( sexual union Somerset Council, 2008). Every year the area experiences pluvial flooding due to its impermeable calcareous clays, which drains water very slowly (Soilscapes, n.d.). In places, parts of the rivers that run through the Levels sit above farmland, which allowed broken river banks to spill water onto the neighbouring fields. Combined with the waterlogged land, it collide withs the area incessantly prone to flooding (House of Commons, 2014).The flooding eventually became a serious threat to residents and farmland which coerced the government to initialise flood management in the area, introducing extensive dredging upon the main rivers (Hartwell-Naguib and Roberts, 2014). This process takes silt deposits out from the river bed to increase the volume of the river. There has been a divide amongst the government and the milieu theatrical as to whether this is a feasible and financially secure approach to flood management. The Environment representation rejects that dredging rivers is the most important approach, as Lord Smith, head of the EA, claims that dredging the rivers would only make a small difference and that other management solutions would need to be applied (Guardian, 2014). The Environment Agency (Environment Agency, 2014) retains the idea that dred ging would only represent on a short-term basis, and the silt on the riverbed would soon re twist and need to be dredged once again, plying to the growing financial cost. Dredging also has a detrimental moment on the ecosystems that run within the river, as the UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) adds that dredging causes a range of potentially damaging environmental effects on our rivers (UK Marine, n.d.). These effects include the removal of certain species and poor quality of water for those species, primarily caused by suspended sediment after the dredging process (UK Marine, n.d.). Although thither appears to be a strong basis of negativity towards the process of dredging, it prat also reduce the time that flooding occurs due to the increase of water transfer of training within the river (CIWEM, 2014). Another idea to limit river levels was to introduce natural filter strips vegetation is introduced to the banks of rivers to slow down rain water from running in to the river. This could in turn slow down the rise of river levels, and limit the amount of water that breaks the river bank (North Somerset Council, 2008).Another flood management solution that was recommended by the Environment Agency during the height of the floods was the use of high-capacity pumps from Holland. These pumps fag drain up to 7.3 million tonnes of water each day out of the worst affected areas, into the River Sowey which then feeds into the River Parrett (CIWEM, 2014)(BBC News, 2014). The idea was to justify pressure on the River Tone, as the surrounding areas were completely underwater. This system was highly effective at reducing water levels, however it unfortunately resulted in the faulting of water to other areas. This concluded in the areas, which previously were less affected, now being at a potential hazard of flooding which caused a longing in government.The government had been heavily criticised by the media, organisations and local residents for no t acting sooner. The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) had warned the government that cuts to annual flood hazard management had left a hole in financial investment in flood management across the UK, and in particular, Somerset (Hartwell-Naguib and Roberts, 2014). The Environment Agency also commented that the 10-15% cut in funding could overshadow the Somerset Levels as its not seen as a main threat (Alex Marshall, 2014). Responding to these concerns, the government possess recently announced that a number of temporary flood defences and pumping sites will be made permanent by supporting farmers to manage flood risk better, to ensure all new developments in the area have suitable drainage systems. (Department for Environment, 2014).In summary the flood management solutions that were used to alleviate the Somerset floods came in far too late. The Somerset Levels are prone for flooding, yet only a small amount of preventative measures were put forward to treasure those who were in potential danger. The dredging process has been the most popular form of flood management in the area, but due to its high cost and small effect on flood levels, it remains an issue as to whether it can continue as the main preventative system. A more permanent solution will need to be put forward that is both financially economic and suitable for the area, to ensure both residents and farmland are better protected.ReferencesEnvironment Agency. (2014).Dredging and Flood Risk.Available www.ourcityourriver.co.uk/downloads/Dredging Leaflet.pdf. Last accessed 07/12/2014.House of Commons. (2014).Winter Floods 2013/14.Available www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN06809.pdf. Accessed 06/12/2014.North Somerset Council. (2008).Strategic Flood Risk Assessment Level 1.Available https//www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Environment/Planning_policy_and-research/researchandmonitoring/Documents/Level 1 study of North Somerset (pdf).pdf. Accessed 06/12/2014.Department for Environment. (2014).New action plan to protect Somerset from flooding.Available https//www.gov.uk/government/news/new-action-plan-to-protect-somerset-from-flooding. Accessed 30/11/2014.BBC. (2014).What are the Somerset Levels?.Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-26080597. Accessed 28/11/20.BBC. (2014).UK floods Somerset Levels Dutch pumps start work.Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-26167818. Accessed 25/11/2014.UK Marine. (n.d.).Dredging and disposal Suspended sediments and turbidity.Available http//www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/activities/ports/ph5_2_3.htm. Accessed 27/11/2014.Landis. (n.d.).Soilscapes.Available http//www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/. Accessed 27/11/2014.Meteorological Office. (2014).MetOffice.Available http//www.metoffice.gov.uk/ climate/uk/interesting/2014-janwind. Accessed 22/11/2014.Hartwell-Naguib, S Roberts, N. (2014).Winter Floods 2013/14.Available http//www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN06809/winter-floods-201314. Accessed 24/11/2 014.CIWEM. (2014).Floods and Dredging a reality check.Available http//www.ciwem.org/media/1035043/floods_and_dredging_-_a_reality_check.pdf. Accessed 26/11/2014.Alex Marshall. (2014).Environment Agency cuts surviving the operating surgeons knife.Available http//www.endsreport.com/41653/environment-agency-cuts-surviving-the-surgeons-knife. Accessed 29/11/2014.Guardian. (2014).Lord Smith EA staff know 100 times more than any politician about flooding.Available http//www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/10/lord-smith-ea-staff-know-100-times-more-on-flooding. Accessed 30/11/2014.PointersStructure your paragraphs One point per paragraph. Make the essay flow. Every paragraph should link to the next. Theoretically you should be able to read it backwards and itll make sense.Point make your pointEvidence give your evidenceExplain explain its relevanceLink- link to the next paragraphBe careful with abbreviations. You can abbreviate only after you have written it in full once with the abbreviation after i.e. United Kingdom (UK). Then later you can use UK.Be careful not to be too chatty, be formal Youre not talking to a friend.Dont add new points in your conclusion paragraph. This is a summary of what youve already discussed. SummariseMake sure your referencing everything You cant just know something, you have to raise how you know it and who its from. Try to use credited references from research papers/articles, dont use Wikipedia or web pages, BBC news isnt huge either.Write all numbers in long hand, i.e. one hundred not 100.Remember 10% of your mark is in presentation. How does your uni want your essays presented? Font. Format and so forth

The Health Risks of Smoking Cigarettes Essay -- Smoking Health Lung C

The Health Risks of skunk According to Global Smoking Statistics, 80,000 and 100,000 youths start consume everyday. Smoking is everywhere, in shops, restaurants and malls. Smoking can be controlled if the right steps be taken. If you walked around downtown Fort Collins, the odds are good that you give encounter a smoker. The negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects of smoking yet people still do it. There are ways to quit that can make your life better if you smoke. Smoking goes back to 1492 when Christopher Columbus first stepped onto the plains of the new world. Native Americans chewed and inhaled a specific symbol of leaf, using a toboca pipe to inhale the foreign leaf. It soon became a treasure for the Europeans, later Christopher discovered this new creation. Cigarettes did not become popular until the 1880s, nor were they available. tribe mediocre used pipes and cigars. When, according to Smoking, James B. Duke developed a way to mass produce cigarettes , making them cheaper and milder. This created an increase in popularity and between 1870 and 1890 the usage increase 100 times what is was before. The health risks of smoking are that it causes Lung cancer and in 1992 there were 161,000 new cases of lung cancer and 143,000 deaths according to Tobacco and Smoking, 1998. The duration and amount take determines the risk of acquire lung cancer. Men or women who smoke forty cigarettes a day, compared to those who smoke twenty a day, have twice the risk as getting lung cancer. Those who start smoking before 15 are four times more likely to get lung cancer than those who begin after twenty-five. It also causes cardiovascular Disease. Smokers, male and female, are at a higher risk to get recurrent heart attacks, sudden death from coronary heart disease and myocardial infection than nonsmokers. The increase is two to four times the amount than nonsmokers. Cigarettes cause an addiction. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. It is the nicoti ne that is in tobacco plant that makes cigarettes so addicting. A 1991 pillar in the Lancet, from the book Tobacco and Smoking on page 33 saysThe core of the problem lies in the addictiveness of nicotine. It is nicotine that people cannot easily do without, not tobacco it is nicotine dependence that slows the progress of existing programmes. As a drug deliver system the modern cigarette is a highly e... ...all the ingredients as mainstream smoke and is just as deadly. Smoking is everywhere and will continue to be all around us. We can ignore it or take action. One less somebody smoking means that there is that much less smoke in the air. With all the new smokers, a plan has to be set in place, any creating more ads or finding accurate facts. Unless smoking dissolves from the face of the earth, there will still be people killing themselves. Since smoking causes lung cancer, bad after effects and other problems, the need for elimination is even higher. If you smoke than you probab ly know it is hard to quit, but with the right resources and the motivation to quit, the United States will be a more breathable place to live.CitationsAnonymous. More about second hand smoke. 2004. 11/02/04. .Anonymous. Secondhand Smoke. 2004. 11/02/04. .Anonymous. Tobacco and Smoking. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 1998.Grannis, MD, Frederic W.. The Lung Cancer and Cigarette Smoking Web Page. 2004. 10/28/04. .Martin, Terry. Global Smoking Statistics. About.com. 2002. 11/01/04. .Torr, James D. Smoking. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 2001.

Huckleberry Finn - Summary for chapters 1-10. :: English Literature

Huckleberry Finn - Summary for chapters 1-10.The book has just begun, but so far you have been introduced to quitea few characters. The most important being Huckleberry Finn of course.Huckleberry Finn now fails with the Widow, she took him in after heand Tom Sawyer found $6,000 a piece, to civilize him. Huckleberryprefers to be in rags though, and live outdoors. Huckleberry ande trulyone else where he lives are all very superstitious, they are alsoracist and have slaves so you know that it is set in a olden time. Tomand Huckleberry made a gang with a few other boys from around thetown. They were a gang of robbers and murders, although they neverreally did either.Huckleberrys father was presumed out of work, although Huckleberry knew thathe wasnt dead at all. When Huckleberrys father titmouse, came back totown and hears that Huckleberry is now rich, Huckleberry knows thathis father will be coming for him soon, so Huckleberry gives the moneyto the man who was investing it all for h im. Pap sure enough came forhim though, and at initial he took it to the courts to get Huckleberryback, and he did. Pap took Huckleberry out to the woods to a smallwooden cabin, and at first Tom hated it, but after he began to getused to it, and didnt mind it so much after, he actually really likedit because he was back outside where he liked to be. He just didntlike to be out there with his father. One day when Pap went to townand locked Huckleberry in the cabin as he always did when he left,Huckleberry sawed his way out. Huckleberry stole all of the food andwater, and the gun, and he killed a wild pig and put its storeeverywhere and he ripped out his own hair so it would appear that hewas murdered. Huckleberry jumped in the canoe that he had hidden fromhis father in the trees, and started mop up down the river. He landed ona little island and hid his canoe again. There were lots of peoplelooking for Huckleberry and he watched them as they searched fromboats. They all looked ver y upset, because they all assumed himmurdered.When Huckleberry was out exploring he saw Miss. Watsons slave Jim. Hehad left because Miss. Watson was going to sell him. Huckleberry washappy to have the company and so was Jim. They began to live togetherand stayed together all the time.